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involves use of...

  • 1 involves use of ...

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > involves use of ...

  • 2 involves the unknowns

    Математика: (the bound provided by... is of limited use because it) использует неизвестные (...)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > involves the unknowns

  • 3 (the bound provided by ... is of limited use because it) involves the unknowns

    Математика: использует неизвестные (...)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > (the bound provided by ... is of limited use because it) involves the unknowns

  • 4 alternative course: A path through a use case that leads to success (accomplishing the actor's goal) but which involves a variation from the normal course in the specifics of the task or of the actor's interaction with the system

    Общая лексика: альтернативное напр

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > alternative course: A path through a use case that leads to success (accomplishing the actor's goal) but which involves a variation from the normal course in the specifics of the task or of the actor's interaction with the system

  • 5 the bound provided by (3) is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

    Математика: ограниченное применение (иметь ограниченное применение)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the bound provided by (3) is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

  • 6 the bound provided by (i) is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

    Математика: ограничено для использования (...)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the bound provided by (i) is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

  • 7 alternative course: A path through a use case that leads to success but which involves a variation from the normal course in the specifics of the task or of the actor's interaction with the system

    Общая лексика: (accomplishing the actor's goal) альтернативное напр

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > alternative course: A path through a use case that leads to success but which involves a variation from the normal course in the specifics of the task or of the actor's interaction with the system

  • 8 the bound provided by is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

    Математика: (3) ограниченное применение (иметь ограниченное применение), (i) ограничено для использования (...)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the bound provided by is of limited use because it involves the unknowns

  • 9 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 10 involve

    transitive verb
    1) (implicate) verwickeln
    2) (draw in as a participant)

    involve somebody in a game/fight — jemanden an einem Spiel beteiligen/in eine Schlägerei [mit] hineinziehen

    become or get involved in a fight — in eine Schlägerei verwickelt werden

    be involved in a project — (employed) an einem Projekt mitarbeiten

    get involved with somebody — sich mit jemandem einlassen; (sexually, emotionally) eine Beziehung mit jemandem anfangen

    3) (include) enthalten; (contain implicitly) beinhalten
    4) (be necessarily accompanied by) mit sich bringen; (require as accompaniment) erfordern; (cause, mean) bedeuten
    * * *
    [in'volv]
    1) (to require; to bring as a result: His job involves a lot of travelling.) einschließen
    2) ((often with in or with) to cause to take part in or to be mixed up in: He has always been involved in/with the theatre; Don't ask my advice - I don't want to be/get involved.) verwickeln
    •
    - academic.ru/39201/involved">involved
    - involvement
    * * *
    in·volve
    [ɪnˈvɒlv, AM -ˈvɑ:lv]
    vt
    1.
    ▪ to \involve sth (include) etw beinhalten; (encompass) etw umfassen; (entail) etw mit sich bringen, etw zur Folge haben; (mean) etw bedeuten
    criminal law \involves acts which are harmful to society das Strafrecht beschäftigt sich mit Handlungen, die sich gegen die Gesellschaft richten
    what does the work \involve? worin besteht die Arbeit?
    the operation \involves putting a tube into the heart während der Operation wird ein Röhrchen ins Herz eingeführt
    ▪ to \involve sb/sth jdn/etw betreffen
    that doesn't \involve her sie hat damit nichts zu tun
    this incident \involves us all dieser Zwischenfall geht uns alle an [o betrifft uns alle]
    the person \involved die betreffende Person
    3. (feature)
    ▪ sth \involves sb/sth jd/etw ist an etw dat beteiligt
    the accident \involved two cars an dem Unfall waren zwei Fahrzeuge beteiligt
    the crime \involved a drug dealing gang an dem Verbrechen war eine Drogenhändlerbande beteiligt
    the crime \involved two schoolgirls [as victims] zwei Schulmädchen wurden Opfer dieses Verbrechens
    ▪ to \involve sb in sth jdn an etw dat beteiligen; (unwillingly) jdn in etw akk verwickeln [o hineinziehen]
    to \involve sb in a discussion jdn an einer Diskussion beteiligen
    to \involve sb in expense jdm Kosten verursachen
    to get \involved in sth in etw akk verwickelt [o hineingezogen] werden
    I don't want to get \involved ich will damit nichts zu tun haben
    ▪ to \involve sb in doing sth:
    they \involved the staff in designing the packaging sie ließen die Belegschaft am Entwurf der Verpackung mitwirken
    you should \involve the kids more in cooking du solltest die Kinder mehr mitkochen lassen
    ▪ to \involve oneself in sth sich akk in etw dat engagieren
    he's become very \involved in the community er engagiert sich sehr in der Gemeinde
    to \involve oneself in local politics sich akk kommunalpolitisch [o in der Kommunalpolitik] engagieren
    ▪ to be \involved in sth (be busy with) mit etw dat zu tun haben, mit etw dat beschäftigt sein; (be engrossed) von etw dat gefesselt sein
    ▪ to be \involved with sb (have to do with) mit jdm zu tun haben; (relationship) mit jdm eine Beziehung haben; (affair) mit jdm ein Verhältnis haben
    * * *
    [ɪn'vɒlv]
    vt
    1) (= entangle) verwickeln (sb in sth jdn in etw acc); (= include) beteiligen (sb in sth jdn an etw dat); (= concern) betreffen

    to get involved in sth — in etw (acc) verwickelt werden; in quarrel, crime etc also in etw (acc) hineingezogen werden

    I didn't want to get involved — ich wollte damit/mit ihm etc nichts zu tun haben

    I didn't want to get too involved — ich wollte mich nicht zu sehr engagieren

    a matter of principle is involved — es ist eine Frage des Prinzips, es geht ums Prinzip

    to be/get involved with sth — etwas mit etw zu tun haben

    to be involved with sb — mit jdm zu tun haben; (sexually) mit jdm ein Verhältnis haben

    he's very involved with her —

    to get involved with sb — mit jdm Kontakt bekommen, sich mit jdm einlassen (pej)

    2) (= entail) mit sich bringen, zur Folge haben; (= encompass) umfassen; (= mean) bedeuten

    what does the job involve? —

    this problem involves many separate issues to involve considerable expense/a lot of hard work — dieses Problem umfasst viele verschiedene Punkte or schließt viele verschiedene Punkte ein beträchtliche Kosten/viel Arbeit mit sich bringen or zur Folge haben

    such a project involves considerable planning — zu so einem Projekt gehört eine umfangreiche Planung

    he doesn't understand what's involved in this sort of work — er weiß nicht, worum es bei dieser Arbeit geht

    do you realize what's involved in raising a family? — weißt du denn, was es bedeutet, eine Familie großzuziehen?

    about £1,000 was involved — es ging dabei um etwa £ 1.000

    it would involve moving to Germany — das würde bedeuten, nach Deutschland umzuziehen

    finding the oil involved the use of a special drill — um das Öl zu finden, brauchte man einen Spezialbohrer

    * * *
    involve [ınˈvɒlv; US ınˈvɑlv] v/t
    1. a) jemanden verwickeln, hineinziehen ( beide:
    in in akk):
    I don’t want to get involved ich will damit nichts zu tun haben;
    involved in an accident in einen Unfall verwickelt, an einem Unfall beteiligt;
    involved in debt verschuldet;
    be completely involved in one’s work von seiner Arbeit völlig in Anspruch genommen sein
    b) jemanden, etwas angehen, berühren, betreffen:
    the persons involved die Betroffenen;
    we are all involved (in this case) es (dieser Fall) geht uns alle an, wir sind alle davon (von diesem Fall) betroffen;
    feel personally involved sich persönlich betroffen fühlen;
    the national prestige was involved das nationale Prestige stand auf dem Spiel;
    a question of principle is involved es geht um eine prinzipielle Frage
    c) etwas in Mitleidenschaft ziehen:
    a) zu tun haben mit jemandem, etwas,
    b) enge Beziehungen haben zu jemandem:
    get involved with sb mit jemandem engen Kontakt bekommen, pej sich mit jemandem einlassen;
    involve o.s. in sich einsetzen oder engagieren für
    3. a) mit sich bringen, zur Folge haben, nach sich ziehen
    b) verbunden sein mit:
    the expense involved die damit verbundenen Kosten
    c) erfordern, nötig machen:
    taking the job would involve living abroad wenn ich die Stelle annehme, müsste ich im Ausland leben
    d) umfassen, einschließen
    4. etwas verwirren, komplizieren:
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (implicate) verwickeln

    involve somebody in a game/fight — jemanden an einem Spiel beteiligen/in eine Schlägerei [mit] hineinziehen

    become or get involved in a fight — in eine Schlägerei verwickelt werden

    be involved in a project — (employed) an einem Projekt mitarbeiten

    get involved with somebody — sich mit jemandem einlassen; (sexually, emotionally) eine Beziehung mit jemandem anfangen

    3) (include) enthalten; (contain implicitly) beinhalten
    4) (be necessarily accompanied by) mit sich bringen; (require as accompaniment) erfordern; (cause, mean) bedeuten
    * * *
    (in, with) v.
    angehen v.
    beteiligen (an) v.
    betreffen v. (to be a matter of) v.
    gehen um ausdr.
    sich drehen um ausdr.
    sich handeln um ausdr. v.
    bedeuten v.
    einschließen v.
    erfordern v.
    etwas komplizieren ausdr.
    hineinziehen v.
    involvieren v.
    mit sich bringen ausdr.
    nach sich ziehen ausdr.
    nötig machen ausdr.
    umfassen v.
    verbunden sein mit ausdr.
    verwickeln v.
    verwirren v.
    zum Gegenstand haben ausdr.
    zur Folge haben ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > involve

  • 11 design for environment

    1. экологическое проектирование

     

    экологическое проектирование
    -

    EN

    sustainable design
    (also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
    [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Eco-design of products
    Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
    The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
    - Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
    - Distribution with packaging and logistics
    - Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
    - End of life.
    [Legrand]

    Экологическое проектирование изделий
    Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
    Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
    - изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
    - дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
    - эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
    - вывод изделия из эксплуатации    .
    [Перевод Интент]

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > design for environment

  • 12 eco-design

    1. экологическое проектирование

     

    экологическое проектирование
    -

    EN

    sustainable design
    (also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
    [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Eco-design of products
    Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
    The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
    - Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
    - Distribution with packaging and logistics
    - Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
    - End of life.
    [Legrand]

    Экологическое проектирование изделий
    Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
    Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
    - изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
    - дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
    - эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
    - вывод изделия из эксплуатации    .
    [Перевод Интент]

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > eco-design

  • 13 green design

    1. экологическое проектирование

     

    экологическое проектирование
    -

    EN

    sustainable design
    (also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
    [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Eco-design of products
    Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
    The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
    - Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
    - Distribution with packaging and logistics
    - Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
    - End of life.
    [Legrand]

    Экологическое проектирование изделий
    Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
    Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
    - изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
    - дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
    - эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
    - вывод изделия из эксплуатации    .
    [Перевод Интент]

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > green design

  • 14 sustainable design

    1. экологическое проектирование

     

    экологическое проектирование
    -

    EN

    sustainable design
    (also referred to as " green design", " eco-design", or " design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design
    [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    Eco-design of products
    Eco-design is a process that consists of taking environmental aspects into account when designing or improving a product. This concept is based on the following principle: all products have environmental impacts at various stages in their life cycle. The purpose of eco-design is to reduce these impacts while maintaining the user quality of the product.
    The eco-design of a product involves incorporating environmental aspects in the product development process. This involves various stages:
    - Manufacture with materials, components and production processes
    - Distribution with packaging and logistics
    - Use with energy consumption, servicing and maintenance
    - End of life.
    [Legrand]

    Экологическое проектирование изделий
    Экологическое проектирование представляет собой процессе разработки или усовершенствования изделия при выполнении которого учитываются различные экологические аспекты. Смысл данной концепции состоит в том, что изделия воздействуют на окружающую среду на всех этапах своего жизненного цикла. Цель экологического проектирования заключается в снижении этого воздействия при сохранении потребительских качеств изделия.
    Экологическое проектирование предполагает, что в процессе разработки изделия учитываются экологические аспекты для всех этапов жизненного цикла, к которым относятся:
    - изготовление с учетом характеристик используемых материалов, компонентов и технологических процессов;
    - дистрибуция товаров в соответствующей упаковке и надлежащая логистика;
    - эксплуатация, сопровождающаяся потреблением энергии, операциями технического обслуживания и ухода;
    - вывод изделия из эксплуатации    .
    [Перевод Интент]

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > sustainable design

  • 15 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

  • 16 Monte Carlo method

    Gen Mgt
    a statistical technique used in business decision making that involves a number of uncertain variables, such as capital investment and resource allocation. The name of the Monte Carlo method derives from the use of random numbers as generated by a roulette wheel. The numbers are used in repeated simulations, often performed by spreadsheet programs on computers, to calculate a variety of possible outcomes. The technique was developed by mathematicians in the early 1960s for use in nuclear physics and operational research but has since been used more widely.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Monte Carlo method

  • 17 numerical control

    Ops
    the use of numerical data to influence the operation of equipment. It allows the operation of machinery to be automated and usually involves the use of computer systems. Data is generated, stored, manipulated, and retrieved while a process is in operation.

    The ultimate business dictionary > numerical control

  • 18 waste management

    Gen Mgt
    a sustainable process for reducing the environmental impact of the disposal of all types of materials used by businesses. Waste management aims to avoid excessive use of resources and damage to the environment and may be achieved through processes such as recycling. It focuses on efficiency in the use of materials and on disposing of rubbish in the least harmful way. Waste management also involves compliance with the legislation and regulations covering this area.

    The ultimate business dictionary > waste management

  • 19 waste control

    Gen Mgt
    a sustainable process for reducing the environmental impact of the disposal of all types of materials used by businesses. Waste management aims to avoid excessive use of resources and damage to the environment and may be achieved through processes such as recycling. It focuses on efficiency in the use of materials and on disposing of rubbish in the least harmful way. Waste management also involves compliance with the legislation and regulations covering this area.

    The ultimate business dictionary > waste control

  • 20 Context

       All language involves context; its meaning is contextually constrained.
       There is always an interplay of text and context. Indeed, human consciousness is inherently responsive to context.... n the use of verbal language, there is a continual retracing of the hermeneutic circle of sign and context, an attempt to "frame" properly the associative scenario of the sign,... to equilibrize the tension between its general (lexemic) and particular (sememic) meanings. (M. L. Johnson, 1988, p. 107)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Context

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